
With the exception of the over-priced department store monopoly of El Corte Inglés, there is no such thing as one-stop-shopping in Madrid. Here is a sample list of items that are all typically sold in my local CVS in the states, with the current, Madrid purchasing location in parentheses:
Pain Reliever/cough syrup/cold medicine (Farmacia)
Vitamins (Herbolaria)
Stockings/tights/pantyhose/knee-highs (special socks/stockings store or Chino)
Shampoo/conditioner/shower gel (supermarket)
Perfume (perfumaria)
Cosmetics (perfumaria)
Soda/bottled water/snacks (Chino or Alimentacion/Frutos Secos store)
Pet food (if I had a pet here, at a veterinarian or tienda de mascotas)
Sewing kit (Chino)
Headphones (I don't know where I would buy these, actually)
Laundry detergent/bags/starch, etc. (supermarket or a Chino)
Hair Dryer/Flat Iron/Curling Iron (Electronics Superstore in malls on the outskirts of the city)
Mints/Gum/Candy (Chino/Alimentacion/Frutos Secos store)
Thoughtful additions by D. Cliffe:
Newspapers (libreria/newsstand)
Stationery and envelopes (papeleria)
Here's a definition key for some of the stores on the list:
Chino -- Decidedly not a politically correct term, but is used all the time by Spaniards and non-Spaniards alike to describe these inexpensive dollar stores all over the city. They are usually run by Asian people, thus the name. You can get virtually ANYTHING you want in a Chino, though some are better than others, and it can be extremely difficult to find anything in these stores because they are packed floor-to-ceiling with various wares and each one is different than the next. There is zero predictablity about what you may find in a Chino, but they are so cheap it's worth taking a look.
Alimentacion/Frutos Secos store -- Similar to a small, independent convenience store in the states. They sell soda and snacks mainly, and perhaps some basic house staple items.
Farmacia - Pharmacy
Herbolaria - Vitamin and health food store
Perfumaria - place to buy perfume and, perhaps, cosmetics
Tienda de mascotas - pet store
As with many stores in Madrid, some of these various tiendas close in the middle of the day when you need them most, with the exception, perhaps for the Alimentacion/Frutos Secos stores. The subject of hours at these stores, and those of the school where I work come to think of it, is a completely different topic that warrants it's own posting.